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The faunal diversity documented in NSTR includes 50 species of mammals, 200 species of birds, 54 species of reptiles, 18 species of amphibians, 55 species of fishes, 89 species of butterflies, 57 species of moths, 45 species of beetles, 30 species of dragonflies and damselflies. Nagarjunasagar Srisailam Tiger Reserve supports a wide variety of animals, birds, insects, reptiles and amphibians. The Reserve is home to many charismatic animals like :-
| Local Name | Scientific name |
| Tiger | Panthera tigris |
| Leopard | Panthera pardus |
| Sloth Bear | Melursus ursinus |
| Asiatic Wild dog | Cuon alpinus |
| Jackal | Canis aureus |
| Ratel | Mellivora capensis |
| Porcupine | Hystrix indica |
| Indian giant squirrel | Ratufa indica |
| Mouse Deer | Moschiola indica |
| Sambar | Rusa unicolor |
| Spotted Deer | Axis axis |
| Nilgai | Boselaphus tragocamelus |
| Wild boar | Sus scrofa |
Nagarjunasagar Srisailam Tiger Reserve epitomizes a typical tropical dry and moist deciduous vegetation, characterized by hilly terrain with plateaus, ridges, gorges and deep valleys with an under growth of Bamboo and grass. NSTR is endowed with a rich floral diversity comprising of trees, shrubs, herbs and climbers. Around 1521 Angiosperm taxa spread over 149 families along with 29 species of grass and 353 species of medicinal plants have been documented. The most predominant trees found here are:-
| Local Name | Scientific name |
| Nallamaddi | Terminalia tomentosa |
| Chirumanu | Anogeissus latifolia |
| Billudu | Chloroxylon swietenia |
| Yepi | Hardwickia binata |
| Peedayegi | Pterocarpus marsupium |
| Gumpena | Lannea coromandelica |
| Anduga | Boswellia serrata |
| Pachaari | Dalbergia paniculata |
| Gotti | Ziziphus xylopyrus |
| Chennangi | Lagerstroemia parviflora |
| Tellamaddi | Terminalia arjuna |
